Correction: Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study.

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery.

The Harvey-Bradshaw Index Adapted to a Mobile Application Compared with In-Clinic Assessment: The MediCrohn Study.

Objectives: Mobile apps are useful tools in e-health and self-management strategies in disease monitoring. We evaluated the Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI) mobile app self-administered by the patient to see if its results agreed with HBI in-clinic assessed by a physician. Methods: Patients were enrolled in a 4-month prospective study with clinical assessments at months 1 and 4. Patients completed mobile app HBI and within 48 h, HBI was performed by a physician (gold standard). HBI scores characterized Crohn's disease (CD) as remission <5 or active ≥5. We determined agreement per item and total HBI score and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Bland-Altman plot was performed. HBI changes in disease activity from month 1 to month 4 were determined. Results: A total of 219 patients were enrolled. All scheduled assessments (385 pairs of the HBI questionnaire) showed a high percentage of agreement for remission/activity (92.4%, κ = 0.796), positive predictive value (PPV) for remission of 98.2%, and negative predictive value of 76.7%. High agreement was also found at month 1 (93.15%, κ = 0.82) and month 4 (91.5%, κ = 0.75). Bland-Altman plot was more uniform when the HBI mean values were <5 (remission). ICC values were 0.82, 0.897, and 0.879 in all scheduled assessments, 1 and 4 months, respectively. Conclusions: We found a high percentage of agreement between patients' self-administered mobile app HBI and in-clinic physician assessment to detect CD activity with a remarkably high PPV for remission. The mobile app HBI might allow a strict control of inflammation by remote monitoring and flexible follow-up of CD patients. Reduction of sanitary costs could be possible.

EpidemIBD: rationale and design of a large-scale epidemiological study of inflammatory bowel disease in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a considerable burden to the patient and society. However, current data on IBD incidence and burden are limited because of the paucity of nationwide epidemiological studies, heterogeneous designs, and a low number of participating centers and sample size. The EpidemIBD study is a large-scale investigation to provide an accurate assessment of the incidence of IBD in Spain, as well as treatment patterns and outcomes. METHODS: This multicenter, population-based incidence cohort study included patients aged >18 years with IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or unclassified IBD) diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals in Spain, covering 50% of the Spanish population. Each participating patient will attend 10 clinic visits during 5 years of follow up. Demographic data, IBD characteristics and family history, complications, treatments, surgeries, and hospital admissions will be recorded. RESULTS: The EpidemIBD study is the first large-scale nationwide study to investigate the incidence of IBD in Spain. Enrollment is now completed and 3627 patients are currently being followed up. CONCLUSIONS: The study has been designed to overcome many of the limitations of previous European studies into IBD incidence by prospectively recruiting a large number of patients from all regions of Spain. In addition to epidemiological information about the burden of IBD, the 5-year follow-up period will also provide information on treatment patterns, and the natural history and financial burden of IBD.

Por el bien de la nación: discursos científicos en favor de la medicalización del parto en el Perú, 1900-1940 / For the good of the nation: scientific discourses endorsing the medicalization of childbirth in Peru, 1900-1940

Resumen A lo largo del siglo XX se sucedió una serie de cambios en la forma de concebir el parto que pasó de ser un fenómeno reproductivo natural propio del ámbito doméstico y femenino a un asunto médico y profesional del ámbito institucional. A través de procedimientos como el uso de anestesia, la cesárea, el ultrasonido y otras intervenciones técnico-científicas se han generado rápidas e importantes mejoras y cambios para la salud y vida de la sociedad y las mujeres. La medicalización del parto a comienzos del siglo XX fue parte de un proceso más amplio de construcción del Estado e institucionalización del patriarcado común en la región.

Abstract Over the course of the twentieth century, a series of changes occurred in the understanding of childbirth, which went from being a natural reproductive phenomenon belonging to the female, domestic sphere to a professional medical matter handled in an institutional setting. Through procedures like the use of anesthesia, Cesarean sections, ultrasound and other techno-scientific interventions, rapid and significant improvements and changes took place in the health and life of society and of women. The medicalization of childbirth in the early twentieth century was part of a broader process of constructing the state and institutionalizing the patriarchy that was common throughout the region.

For the good of the nation: scientific discourses endorsing the medicalization of childbirth in Peru, 1900-1940. / Por el bien de la nación: discursos científicos en favor de la medicalización del parto en el Perú, 1900-1940.

Over the course of the twentieth century, a series of changes occurred in the understanding of childbirth, which went from being a natural reproductive phenomenon belonging to the female, domestic sphere to a professional medical matter handled in an institutional setting. Through procedures like the use of anesthesia, Cesarean sections, ultrasound and other techno-scientific interventions, rapid and significant improvements and changes took place in the health and life of society and of women. The medicalization of childbirth in the early twentieth century was part of a broader process of constructing the state and institutionalizing the patriarchy that was common throughout the region.

A lo largo del siglo XX se sucedió una serie de cambios en la forma de concebir el parto que pasó de ser un fenómeno reproductivo natural propio del ámbito doméstico y femenino a un asunto médico y profesional del ámbito institucional. A través de procedimientos como el uso de anestesia, la cesárea, el ultrasonido y otras intervenciones técnico-científicas se han generado rápidas e importantes mejoras y cambios para la salud y vida de la sociedad y las mujeres. La medicalización del parto a comienzos del siglo XX fue parte de un proceso más amplio de construcción del Estado e institucionalización del patriarcado común en la región.

Por el bien de la nación: discursos científicos en favor de la medicalización del parto en el Perú, 1900-1940 / For the good of the nation: scientific discourses endorsing the medicalization of childbirth in Peru, 1900-1940

A lo largo del siglo XX se sucedióuna serie de cambios en la forma deconcebir el parto que pasó de ser unfenómeno reproductivo natural propiodel ámbito doméstico y femeninoa un asunto médico y profesionaldel ámbito institucional. A travésde procedimientos como el uso deanestesia, la cesárea, el ultrasonido yotras intervenciones técnico-científicasse han generado rápidas e importantesmejoras y cambios para la salud yvida de la sociedad y las mujeres. Lamedicalización del parto a comienzosdel siglo XX fue parte de un procesomás amplio de construcción del Estadoe institucionalización del patriarcadocomún en la región.(AU)

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Nutritional Characteristics of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study sought to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, to analyse the dietary beliefs and behaviours of these patients, to study their body composition, to evaluate their muscular strength and to identify the factors associated with malnutrition in these patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicentre study. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients from 30 Spanish centres, from the outpatient clinics, were included. A questionnaire of 11 items was applied to obtain data from patients' dietary behaviour and beliefs. Patients who accepted were evaluated to assess their nutritional status using Subjective Global Assessment and body mass index. Body composition was evaluated through bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: A total of 1271 patients were included [51% women, median age 45 years, 60% Crohn's disease]. Of these, 333 patients underwent the nutritional evaluation. A total of 77% of patients declared that they avoided some foods to prevent disease relapse. Eighty-six per cent of patients avoided some foods when they had disease activity because of fear of worsening the flare. Sixty-seven per cent of patients modified their dietary habits after disease diagnosis. The prevalence of malnutrition was 16% [95% confidence interval = 12-20%]. In the multivariate analysis, history of abdominal surgery, active disease and avoidance of some foods during flares were associated with higher risk of malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease patients was high. We identified some predictive factors of malnutrition. Most of the patients had self-imposed food restrictions, based on their beliefs.

Treatment persistence during therapeutic sequences with adalimumab and infliximab in the treatment of Crohn's disease

Background and aim: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment Crohn's disease (CD). However, the loss of response over time means that they are usually used sequentially. The aim of this study was to compare treatment persistence with different sequences of TNF inhibitors in patients with active luminal CD. Methods: A Markov model (3-month cycles) was developed to simulate the therapeutic sequences of beginning biological treatment with infliximab or adalimumab, with a time horizon of three years. Each state of the model represented treatment (induction, standard dose or escalated dose) with each TNF inhibitor or the state without biological treatment. The transition probabilities between states were determined by the clinical response to TNF inhibitors obtained from the literature. The likelihood of discontinuation due to adverse effects was also considered. Results: After three years, the percentage of CD patients receiving infliximab and adalimumab as a first TNF inhibitor that remained in treatment was 52.8% and 59.3% (p = 0.1) respectively. Median time to discontinuation of the standard dose was 26.26 months in patients who started with adalimumab and 24.39 months in patients who started with infliximab. Conclusion: In the model, there were no significant differences in persistence after three years with the initial drug among patients with active luminal CD starting treatment with infliximab or adalimumab (AU)

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Treatment persistence during therapeutic sequences with adalimumab and infliximab in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment Crohn's disease (CD). However, the loss of response over time means that they are usually used sequentially. The aim of this study was to compare treatment persistence with different sequences of TNF inhibitors in patients with active luminal CD. METHODS: A Markov model (3-month cycles) was developed to simulate the therapeutic sequences of beginning biological treatment with infliximab or adalimumab, with a time horizon of three years. Each state of the model represented treatment (induction, standard dose or escalated dose) with each TNF inhibitor or the state without biological treatment. The transition probabilities between states were determined by the clinical response to TNF inhibitors obtained from the literature. The likelihood of discontinuation due to adverse effects was also considered. RESULTS: After three years, the percentage of CD patients receiving infliximab and adalimumab as a first TNF inhibitor that remained in treatment was 52.8% and 59.3% (p = 0.1) respectively. Median time to discontinuation of the standard dose was 26.26 months in patients who started with adalimumab and 24.39 months in patients who started with infliximab. CONCLUSION: In the model, there were no significant differences in persistence after three years with the initial drug among patients with active luminal CD starting treatment with infliximab or adalimumab.